The Mecca Agreement forms a trilateral alliance among Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Turkiye for collective security amid regional instability. By the time Abdullah bin Saud succeeded his father as Emir of Diriyah (the first Saudi state) in 1814, Ottoman forces, under the command of Muhammad Ali Pasha, had already launched their military campaign against the al-Saud reign. The Ottomans sough... [7801 chars]
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